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Introduction Modern web applications rely on layered security. Typically, a front-end server or load balancer filters traffic before passing requests to a back-end server. In theory, this layered design improves security. However, HTTP request smuggling exploits subtle inconsistencies between these…

Introduction Modern enterprise networks rely on layered security controls, identity management systems, and endpoint protection tools. However, many organisations still support legacy authentication protocols behind the scenes. One of the most abused among them is NTLM. NTLM relay attacks exploit…

Introduction Smart cities promise smoother traffic, efficient utilities, and faster emergency response. At the same time, digital twins are transforming how cities monitor and manage infrastructure. Together, these technologies create powerful, data-driven urban environments. However, they also introduce hidden cybersecurity…

Introduction Most users trust what they see on their screen. Buttons look familiar, layouts feel normal, and actions seem intentional. However, attackers exploit this trust through a technique known as clickjacking attacks. Clickjacking does not break passwords or exploit server…

Introduction SQL injection attacks have existed for decades. Many people assume they belong to the early days of the web. However, that assumption is wrong. SQL injection attacks continue to cause serious data breaches in modern applications, even in 2026.…

Introduction Modern life runs on convenience. Smart devices unlock doors, apps manage finances, wearables track health, and voice assistants respond instantly. Everything feels faster and easier. However, this convenience comes with a hidden cost: smart tech cyber risk. As technology…

Introduction Every time you visit a website, your device relies on the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate a domain name into an IP address. This process happens silently in the background and usually within milliseconds. Because DNS feels invisible,…

Introduction AI copilots have quickly become part of everyday work. Employees now rely on them to write emails, generate code, summarise documents, analyse data, and even make decisions. As a result, productivity has increased across many teams. However, this convenience…